An ongoing investigation by the Maryland Department of the Environment has detected levels of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that exceed federal standards in the drinking water in 17 public schools in the Baltimore area, WBAL-TV (NBC affiliate) reports.
PFAS, often called “forever chemicals,” are artificial substances used in everyday products like non-stick cookware, waterproof clothing, and food packaging. These chemicals have been found in our environment, including drinking water. They’re called “forever chemicals” because they stay in the environment and our bodies for a long time.
PFAS can get into our water from industrial sites, firefighting foam used at airports, and even household products. Over time, these chemicals seep into the ground and can contaminate our water sources.
Children are more sensitive to these chemicals because their bodies are still growing and developing. They also tend to drink more water per pound of body weight than adults, which can increase their exposure.
Schools are taking appropriate action to remediate the problem, but parents can also take steps. At home, you can reduce PFAS exposure by using a water filter certified for PFAS reduction, avoiding non-stick cookware, and checking consumer products for PFAS-free labeling.
Chemical structure
A poly-fluoroalkyl substance is generally represented as “R-CnF2n-” where “R” can be a functional group like a carboxylic acid (-COOH) or sulfonic acid (-SO3H), and “CnF2n” represents a carbon chain fully substituted with fluorine atoms, with “n” indicating the number of carbon atoms in the chain—essentially, a long chain of carbon atoms with every hydrogen atom replaced by fluorine.
One example of a common poly-fluoroalkyl compound, Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), has the chemical formula C8F15COOH and the structural formula CF3-(CF2)7-COOH.
. Structure of Hexafluoropentanedioic Acid, a PFAS (Michigan Dept of the Envt)Another example, shown above, is Hexafluoropentanedioic Acid. It has a chemical formula of COOH-(CF2)3-COOH, with “n” in the general formula for a PFAS being 3.
Forever chemicals
PFAS are commonly called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily in the environment and can persist for long periods. Due to their strong carbon-fluorine bonds, they can last forever, accumulating in the environment and living organisms over time.
The strong carbon-fluorine bonds in PFAS molecules make them highly resistant to degradation by natural processes. Due to their stability, PFAS can remain in the environment for thousands of years, contaminating water sources and soil. They can also build up in the bodies of animals and humans through exposure to (or drinking of) contaminated water.
Schools and PFAS detection
Schools regularly test their water for PFAS contamination, especially if they rely on wells. If high PFAS levels are detected, filtration systems such as activated carbon filters or reverse osmosis systems can help reduce them.
Until appropriate filters can be installed, schools often provide bottled water or alternative water sources as an immediate short-term solution while remediation efforts are underway.
Health effects, especially for children
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has posted information on its website to explain the health effects of exposure to PFAS. When PFAS are found in drinking water, including in schools, they can pose significant health risks.
Immune System Effects:
PFAS exposure has been linked to reduced immune response, including a decreased effectiveness of vaccines in children. Chronic exposure can impair the immune system, making children more susceptible to infections.
Developmental and Growth Issues:
PFAS can interfere with growth and development in children, potentially leading to issues such as low birth weight and developmental delays. Long-term exposure may affect hormone levels and disrupt puberty timing.
Increased Cancer Risk:
Some PFAS compounds, like PFOA and PFOS, are classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Prolonged exposure has been associated with increased risks of cancers, including kidney and testicular cancer.
Hormonal and Endocrine Disruption:
PFAS can mimic hormones in the body, leading to endocrine disruption. This can affect thyroid function and reproductive health, potentially causing issues such as altered puberty and menstrual cycle irregularities.
Liver and Kidney Damage:
High levels of PFAS exposure can lead to liver damage, evidenced by changes in liver enzymes. Evidence also suggests an association with kidney damage and reduced kidney function.
Elevated Cholesterol Levels:
PFAS exposure has been linked to elevated cholesterol levels, which may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases later in life.
Potential Behavioral and Cognitive Issues:
Some studies suggest a possible link between PFAS exposure and neurodevelopmental issues, such as ADHD, cognitive delays, and learning disabilities, although more research is needed in this area.
